Organic vs Non-Organic Essay Example for Free

Natural versus Non-Organic Essay What would it be advisable for me to eat? That is the issue on a great many American personalities in the ongoing years. For a considerable length of time we have succumbed to publicity, doing without one food type for another, just to hear months or years after the fact were doing everything incorrectly. All the more as of late, the countries consideration has gone to natural nourishments in our mission to eat healthy, get thin and carry on with a long and dynamic life. Pesticides, sites and papers caution, are prompting an undesirable America. The utilization of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, also called DDT, is raised over and over. Preceding 1973, the utilization of DDT was broad and our principle weapon against the war on bugs. We currently know the utilization of DDT prompted huge impacts on natural life and people (DDT-a Brief History, 2012). Who’s to state one of the numerous different pesticides and bug sprays we shower today won’t bring a comparative turn not far off, articles inquire? While it’s genuine any pesticide we use in customary cultivating can prompt medical issues in people if reliably uncovered, shields are set up and testing is normalized by the United States government to keep ailment and passing from the nourishments we eat. The equivalent can't be said about natural produce and meat. Natural nourishments don't need to withstand a similar measure of thorough testing as non-natural and what testing happens isn't normalized (Tenser, 2013). This can prompt an expanded danger of medical issues for the individuals who thought they were settling on the more advantageous decision. Studies have appeared there is no genuine noteworthy preferred position, wellbeing savvy, in picking natural over non-natural and that mark, and the more significant expense that goes with, might not really be justified, despite all the trouble. Advocates of natural nourishments state they are liberated from pesticides and hormones utilized by organizations to create bigger creatures quicker, in this manner prompting expanded benefits. A few of the pesticides utilized today have gone under investigation of administrative offices. A greater amount of the nutrients and complex smaller scale supplements our bodies need to endure are held when engineered pesticides are not utilized. Utilizing regular and natural nuisance control, natural nourishments are more secure and a more beneficial option in contrast to marketed foods grown from the ground. In fact, it’s every one of the a legend. There is no natural item available today that is liberated from manufactured pesticides. Throughout the years, the dirt has held a portion of the pesticide spillover, which shields all nourishments today from being totally liberated from synthetic concoctions (Hom, 1992). The expansion in compost use that goes with the disregarding of manufactured manures prompts an expanded danger of E. coli and Salmonella flare-ups (Griswald, 2013, p. 1). This is on the grounds that fertilizer comprises of a more prominent measure of microscopic organisms and its utilization risks cross pollution. The ascent in natural cultivating has prompted a considerable lot of the food borne sicknesses that tormented a significant part of the 2000s. The utilization of hormones is terribly exaggerated; business chicken isn't infused with hormones, in spite of what natural food providers need you to accept. The utilization of hormones never really help the chicken become bigger or become quicker. Hormone use would essentially be a misuse of cash since no benefit is picked up from it (Poultry Housing Tips, 2012). With respect to the contention products of the soil developed naturally have a greater amount of the nutrients and supplements held in them, this is valid, anyway an individual concentrated on a balanced and sound eating routine has no dread of missing certain supplements their body needs. Also, generally a scouring of cleanser and water wipes off all pesticide buildup from any foods grown from the ground you will appreciate. In the event that you can manage the cost of them, get them, suggests New York University teacher Marion Nestle, PhD (Zelman, n. d. ). Putting in a couple of dollars more for that natural chicken will spare heaps of medical clinic bills not far off, natural food advertisers state. Buyers of natural nourishments spend on normal $4000 progressively a year, persuaded the additional consumption is well justified, despite all the trouble over the long haul. Likewise, by spending more, youre told you’re helping save the earth; by not utilizing manufactured pesticides the dirt and streams can't be defiled. It is genuine a lean toward progressively natural cultivating prompts an increasingly steady developing condition and an expansion of nearby food creation (Berger, 2013, p. 1). In any case, natural nourishments are regularly shipped across state lines to staple goods all through the nation. What the utilization of characteristic operators spares earth is offset by the fumes heaved into the air and the non-renewable energy sources utilized during the excursion. The expense of natural nourishments is simply not worth the payout. There have been numerous investigations appearing there is no genuine medical advantage to eating natural nourishments (Watson, 2008). Natural products, for example, bananas and oranges and vegetables, for example, peas are not eaten entire; they require stripping which implies they require less pesticide, which means the more significant expense tag on the natural bananas just aren’t justified, despite all the trouble. What's more, as the cost of organics rises, organics are viewed as a superficial point of interest, a â€Å"elitist separation. † Organic food advertisers benefit from the class partition, showcasing organics as an approach to lead the lovely, sound existence of the affluent. They stress organics are more advantageous, better, worth the cost (Sprague, 2013, p 1). This is basically not the situation. A balanced eating regimen is all anybody needs to remain sound and lead a functioning life. Considering this, the more significant expense tag is simply not worth the promotion. It has been indicated over and over that natural nourishments don't have a more prominent medical advantage contrasted with business food sources. The mark doesnt legitimize using up every last cent. A balanced eating regimen is similarly as valuable to a sound society, with or without the utilization of engineered pesticides. Natural nourishments are not the managing light they guarantee to be. There is one dependable strategy to end most wellbeing concerns. Eat a fluctuated diet. Getting all the nutrients and sustenance you need is up to you, not up to a name. References Berger, A. (2013). Natural nourishments are a more beneficial other option. In Points of view reference focus (p. 2). Recovered from http://web. ebscohost. com. intermediary. devry. edu/pov/detail? sid=9b34ea84-d9c3-4c4a-8cf5-2fe5b8ae172f%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286303 DDT-A concise history and status. (2012, May 9). Recovered May 25, 2013, from http://www. epa. gov/pesticides/factsheets/synthetics/ddt-brief-history-status. htm Griswald, A. (2013). Natural food: Overview. In Points of view reference focus (p. 1). Recovered from http://web. ebscohost. com. intermediary. devry. edu/pov/detail? sid=e32326f0-2d1a-4489-9176-71e40074d5be%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286302 Hom, L. (1992). About natural produce. Recovered May 25, 2013, from http://www. ocf. berkeley. edu/~lhom/organictext. html Poultry lodging tips. (2012, April). Recovered May 25, 2013, from The University of Georgia site: http://www. poultryventilation. com/locales/default/records/tips/2012/vol24n4. pdf Sprague, N. (2013). Natural food is superfluous and the current food.

Easy Essay Topics to Write About

Easy Essay Topics to Write AboutEasy essay topics to write about may seem a little lofty to some, but once you begin writing you will find that even a casual reading of a dictionary and a basic English vocabulary can make essay writing easier. It takes practice to get the hang of it, but as long as you are doing something that you enjoy and can see yourself getting good at, it will become easier. In this article I am going to provide you with some easy essay topics to write about.If you have ever taken a basic composition course, then you probably took one on topic writing. The idea behind this type of writing is to write about a certain topic. For example, if you were going to write about animal behavior, you would be looking for topics that could show a lack of understanding or appreciation for animals in order to make your argument more believable.Remember that an essay should have logical appeal. Once you have chosen a topic, it should not be too hard to find sources that support your point of view, or to write about a scientific concept in simple English. Of course, you need to be careful when writing about any controversial subject. If it is too easy, the reader will get bored or maybe even irritated by it.As with many topics in school, you can research the topic by using a wiki or other article-base website. It is important to make sure that the article is up to date with a proper grammar and spelling. This way, when your work is submitted, it will be acceptable to those who read the material.Some topics that are good to write about include politics, religion, art, and history. It is important to remember that while researching something, you do not have to spend all your time on it. Even if it takes a small amount of time, it is still better than spending more time on something that is not useful to you.Remember that just because a topic is easy to research, it does not mean that it should be written about as such. One of the biggest mistakes people mak e is they spend hours researching on something, and then they never make anything worth reading. Try to think about how much time would be necessary for you to complete the task before you just skip it.If you are writing about a new language, then it is helpful to practice speaking it so that you can use it as a reference when writing. This is especially helpful for new students to English who are not used to writing in a formal manner. By having someone who knows the language available, you will be able to use it whenever you need to in order to write a quality essay.There are many easy essay topics to write about. Once you have found one that appeals to you, start writing. It is possible to learn to write an essay, even if you do not have the writing background of a master writer.

Comparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Sal

Looking at the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman The catastrophes Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman have strikingly various plots and characters; be that as it may, each play shares normal components in its goals. The occasions in the plays’ closings get from a sad imperfection controlled by the hero in each play. The defeat of every hero is brought about by his failure to viably adapt to his terrible defect. The different likenesses in the end of each play incorporate components of the plot, the impression of different characters on the setback of the deplorable legend, and articulation of significant subjects through the exchange of the characters. The heroes of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman each have a sad blemish that eventually incites their end. Hamlet is described as a reluctant legend. He completely mulls over his choices as opposed to making a move; be that as it may, when he doesn't have the opportunity to think about his other options, he acts imprudently and indiscreetly. For instance, he didn't execute Claudius whenever he was given the open door in Act III scene iii. Oedipus’ shocking imperfection was his unnecessary pride, or hubris. He accepted that he was perfect and in this way kept up the bogus thought that he was additionally dependable. Willy Loman was tormented by his charm with the vaporous guarantees of the American Dream. There are different similitudes and contrasts among the occasions that happen in the goals of the three catastrophes, including physical obliteration of the hero, presumption of the protagonist’s previous situation by an adversary, and enduring brought about by thwarted expectation. The three disastrous legends Hamlet, Oedipus, and Willy Loman are exposed to different types of physical pulverization. Hamlet is killed in a fencing match by a harmed foil, Oedipus mangles himself and is banished from Thebes, and Willy Loman ends it all by purposefully smashing his vehicle. Another consistent theme in the goals of each of the three catastrophes is that an adversary of the terrible legend accepts the obligations of the hero following his downfall. Creon †the man covertly avaricious of regal force †turns into the pioneer of Thebes after Oedipus tumbles from his situation of power. Fortinbras expect a place of authority in Denmark after the passing of Claudius and his repla cements. In Death of a Salesman... ...ine. Furthermore, when they start not grinning back †that’s a tremor. And afterward you get yourself a few spots on your cap and you’re finished† (138). With these words, Charley credits Willy’s depression to the hardships of his calling. Biff’s remark that his dad â€Å"never knew who he was† (138) hints that individuals ought to endeavor to find their actual spot throughout everyday life. Willy’s disappointment with his life was a consequence of his vain endeavor to be somebody that he was definitely not. The three catastrophes Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman have comparable goals in spite of their differing storylines. In each play, the grievous legend experiences extraordinary disaster that eventually prompts his destruction. Different plot components in the end identified with the pulverization of the hero are shared among the three catastrophes. The end of each play uncovers musings and sentiments of characters with respect to the destruction of the deplorable saint. Additionally, significant subjects are communicated through the conversation and activity of the characters. Above all, the finish of every disaster brings out sentiments of compassion as well as shows the crowd a significant exercise about the human condition.

Discuss About Ebola Virus, Its Cause, Symptoms Treatment - 825 Words

Discuss About Ebola Virus, Its Cause, Symptoms Treatment (Essay Sample) Content: Ebola VirusNameInstitutionEbola VirusIntroduction of diseaseEbola viruscan be classified under the family Filoviridae and the genus Ebola. The virus circulates in West Africa countries where it brings about massive outbreaks of Ebola viral disease. This outbreak leads to Ebola hemorrhagic fever that occurs in its terminal periods (Trad, et al., 2017). Notably, the rate of fatality of this disease is high because of its quick transmission and its swift pathogenesis. Ebola disease remains to be acute, severe and often deadly if no management, as well as preventive measures, are initiated. The disorders were first discovered in 1976 when it appeared in Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan (Goeijenbier, 2014). Identification of Ebola virus is a significant challenge, and hence this makes it difficult in attempting to treat and prevent the viral spread to humans.Etiology and risk factorsThe risk of transmission, as well as infection with Ebola virus, remains to be link ed to three behaviors that include making close contacts with those who are infected in the later phase of the disease. Also, caring for an individual with an Ebola virus infection or even when preparing the departed for a decent interment (Lawrence, Danet, Reynard, Volchkova Volchkov, 2017). It should be noted that there is no risk of contamination with asymptomatic individuals and a very low threat of infection when the infection is at the incubation period; and a low risk of contagion during the initial; week of symptomatic illness (Trad, et a., 2017). There is the high risk of diffusion in funerals that happens when a person makes contact with the diseased.Also, visiting as well as caring for Ebola victims within hospitals augments transmission risks in significant outbreaks. Therefore, this may be attributed to advanced viral loads in the stages when the illness is acute, and there are inadequate protection measures (Lawrence, Danet, Reynard, Volchkova Volchkov, 2017). Noneth eless, the previous hospitalization in hospitals that have sufficient isolation as well as protective measures may significantly lower the duration as well as the problem of Ebola outbreak. Adulthood raises the risk of disease, and the risk of illness does not rely on the total amount of the viral loads. The higher risk is linked to the adults because adults are majorly caring givers. Therefore, they would be disposed to give care to those who are infected with EVD (Trad, et al., 2017). Contacts with the wild animal are significant in Ebola virus epidemiologybecause outbreaks are most often associated with wild animals. Notably, the risk of transmission of Ebola virus is higher when one makes contact with the fluids from a person who is infected and has developed signs, for example, is the Ebola patient has broken skin surfaces or rather they have unprotectedmucous membranes.Pathophysiological processesInformation on the disease pathogenesis processes can be obtained from laborat ory research, which uses primates like monkeys, and mice. For instance, the West African Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015provided information on disease pathogenesis process via case reports as well as colossal scale observational studies. Ebola virus gains entrance into the body via mucous membranes, cuts, and breaks within the surface of the skin surface. Various types of cells are infected mainly the macrophages as well as dendritic cells by the Ebola virus, in which replication is performed that leads to cell necrosis (Goeijenbier, 2014). The Ebola virus spreads steadily by overpowering type Iinterferonreactions and then moves to the lymph nodes whereby they further replicate. The virus then enters the bloodstream as it gains entry into the dendritic cells, lymphoid tissues and macrophages cells in the liver. Fatal infection happens at the time that there is multifocal necrosis within tissues such as the spleen as well as the liver.Clinical Manifestations ComplicationsClinical man ifestation can be seen in the symptoms caused by the virus. Ebola virus patients suffer from severe diarrhea and vomiting, which may result in acute capacity depletion, shock as well hypotension. One may averagely stay with Ebola infection for about ten days. The first signs are the sudden beginning of the fever, muscle pain, fatigue, weakness, muscle pain, sore throat as well as a severe headache (Goeijenbier, 2014). After that, the patient may experience vomiting, diarrhea, ab...

Parthenogenesis - Reproduction Without Sex

Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization. The term comes from the Greek words parthenos (meaning virgin) and genesis (meaning creation.) Animals, including most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants, that have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this process. Some reptiles and fish are also capable of reproducing in this manner. Many plants are also capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis. Most organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis also reproduce sexually. This type of parthenogenesis is known as facultative parthenogenesis, and organisms including water fleas, crayfish, snakes, sharks, and Komodo dragons reproduce through this process. Other parthenogenic species, including some reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, are only capable of reproducing asexually. Key Takeaways: Parthenogenesis In parthenogenesis, reproduction occurs asexually when a female egg cell develops into a new individual without fertilization.Many different types of organisms reproduce by parthenogenesis including insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and plants.Most parthenogenic organisms also reproduce sexually, while others reproduce only by asexual means.Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy that allows organisms to reproduce when sexual reproduction is not possible due to environmental conditions.Parthenogenesis that happens by apomixis involves the replication of an egg by mitosis resulting in diploid cells that are clones of the parent.Parthenogenesis that happens by automixis involves the replication of an egg by meiosis and the transformation of the haploid egg to a diploid cell by chromosome duplication or fusion with a polar body.In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a male.In thelytoky parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a female.In deute rotoky parthenogenesis, a male or female may develop from the unfertilized egg. Advantages and Disadvantages Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy to ensure the reproduction of organisms when conditions are not favorable for sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be advantageous to organisms that must remain in a particular environment and in places where mates are scarce. Numerous offspring can be produced without costing the parent a great amount of energy or time. A disadvantage of this type of reproduction is the lack of genetic variation. There is no movement of genes from one population to another. Since environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable are able to adapt to changing conditions better than those that lack genetic variation. How Parthenogenesis Happens Parthenogenesis occurs in two main ways: apomixis and automixis. In apomixis, egg cells are produced by mitosis. In apomictic parthenogenesis, the female sex cell (oocyte) replicates by mitosis producing two diploid cells. These cells have the full complement of chromosomes needed to develop into an embryo. The resulting offspring are clones of the parent cell. Among the organisms that reproduce in this manner are flowering plants and aphids. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images In automixis, egg cells are produced by meiosis. Normally in oogenesis (egg cell development), the resulting daughter cells are divided unequally during meiosis. This asymmetrical cytokinesis results in one large egg cell (oocyte) and smaller cells called polar bodies. The polar bodies degrade and are not fertilized. The oocyte is  haploid  and only becomes diploid after it is  fertilized by male sperm. Since  automictic parthenogenesis does not involve males, the egg cell becomes diploid by fusing with one of the polar bodies or by duplicating its chromosomes and doubling its genetic material. Since the resulting offspring are produced by meiosis, genetic recombination  occurs and these individuals are not true clones of the parent cell. Sexual Activity and Parthenogenesis In an interesting twist, some organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis actually need sexual activity for parthenogenesis to occur. Known as pseudogamy or gynogenesis, this type of reproduction requires the presence of sperm cells to stimulate egg cell development. In the process, no genetic material is exchanged because the sperm cell does not fertilize the egg cell. The egg cell develops into an embryo by parthenogenesis. Organisms that reproduce in this manner include some salamanders, stick insects, ticks,  aphids,  mites,  cicadas, wasps, bees, and  ants. How Sex Is Determined In some organisms such as wasps, bees, and  ants, sex is determined by fertilization. In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, an  unfertilized egg develops into a male and a fertilized egg develops into a female. The female is diploid and contains two sets  of chromosomes, while the male is haploid. In thelytoky parthenogenesis,  unfertilized  eggs develop into  females.  Thelytoky parthenogenesis occurs in some ants, bees, wasps, arthropods, salamanders,  fish, and reptiles. In  deuterotoky parthenogenesis, both males and females develop from unfertilized eggs. Other Types of Asexual Reproduction In addition to parthenogenesis, there are several other types of asexual reproduction. Some of these methods include: Spores: Reproductive cells develop into new organisms without fertilization.Binary fission: An individual replicates and divides by mitosis creating two individuals.Budding: An individual grows out of the body of its parent.Regeneration: The detached part of an individual forms another individual. Sources Allen, L., et al. â€Å"Molecular Evidence for the First Records of Facultative Parthenogenesis in Elapid  Snakes.†Ã‚  Royal Society Open Science, vol. 5, no. 2, 2018.Dudgeon, Christine L., et al. â€Å"Switch from Sexual to Parthenogenetic Reproduction in a Zebra Shark.†Ã‚  Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 16 Jan. 2017. Parthenogenesis.  New World Encyclopedia.

Emotional Intelligence On The Early Childhood Development

Abstract Emotional Intelligence assessments have been used to predict a person’s success or failure in regard to school, business and life. There are many studies that provide evidence of the benefits of emotional intelligence to children, adults, parents and employees. A child’s emotions are often treated as petty, irrational and immature, when it is during childhood that children need to be taught how to deal with emotions. The objective of this paper is to give significant evidence that there is a benefit to beginning the introduction of emotional intelligence in the early childhood development. Introduction This paper is a look at the idea of introducing Emotional Intelligence (EI) to grade school children to aid in curbing the rise of violence and bullying and providing a framework for children to develop their ability to handle their emotions appropriately. I will begin with defining EI and its importance. I will look how emotional intelligence can be an important tool to assist children in dealing with childhood challenges, it’s importance in dealing with the growth of bullying and the long-term benefits of EI for adults. I will summarize why I feel if we graduate students with a strong EI to go with their IQ, they will be better able to handle the challenges of adulthood and become emotionally stable adults, parents and ultimately show it’s influence on employees and it’s role in business. Major Arguments Knowledge and study of emotional intelligenceShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Curriculum Planning Essay examples716 Words   |  3 PagesThis paper will examine the planning and purpose of curriculum in the early childhood classroom. Discussed will be the definition of an integrated curriculum, and the connection between curriculum and development in the pre-kindergarten and Kindergarten student. 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Constitutional Law

Question: Describe about the constitutional law of UK. Answer: Introduction The government and the Parliament of the UK is a democratic one. The UK Parliament consists of two houses known as the House of Commons and the House of the Lords. Passing of a bill in the Parliament has to get the approval of both the houses and after receiving the Royal Assent, it becomes an act of the Parliament. An act passed in such a manner is binding on the people and authorities who are concerned with the law[1]. As a matter of general legal parlance, subsequent acts replace and repeal the existing ones. The main reason behind this principle is that subsequent acts are passed with amendments that are required in the contemporary world. However, as the UK does not have an unified and coded constitution, the Parliament of the country works mainly based on the principle of an important Doctrine called the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy[2]. According to the Doctrine, Parliamentary sovereignty is the key element of the UK constitution and this makes the Parliament the Supreme Legal Authority in the UK. In the given case scenario, an act was passed (The Marriages Act 2016) by the existing Parliament and the provisions of the act stipulated that the act shall prevail over and above any other subsequent act in this regard. Its provisions also provided that the act can only be amended and repealed by 80% majority of both the Houses. At a later stage, there was a change in the government and the Family Law Act 2021, which made amendments in the provisions of the existing act, replaced the Marriages Act. This essay will try to bring out the legality and validity of such a change in the context of the mentioned Doctrine. Parliamentary supremacy generally means that the legislative body is supreme and above all the other government institutions in UK. This includes the executive and judicial bodies and branches of the government. The Doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy gives power to the Parliament of the country in such a manner that when a law is passed by the Parliament it cannot be challenges in any court of law. The simple logic behind this is that the Parliament is composed of two houses known as the House of the Commons and the House of the Lords and the House of the Commons is constituted by representatives of the common people who have been elected in a democratic manner by the people of the country[3]. Therefore, a certain trust and responsibility is reposed on them that they will act in a just and equitable manner that will not be against any public policy or public interest. This faith of the common people gives the House of Commons their power and it is accepted that whatever decision the y take will be in the good interests of the common people[4]. With this fact as the base, it has been provided in the Doctrine that the laws passed in the Parliament cannot be challenged in any legal forum. The Doctrine has been in operation for a long time and as the UK does not have a written and codified constitution as some other developed countries, the Doctrine has become an important source of law in the country. The Doctrine establishes a relation between the Parliament and the courts of the country. It provides answer to a very sensitive question: Is the Parliament supreme or the Courts? It has already been said and proved that the Parliament holds the supreme power. In other words, the Parliament has the right to make and repeal any law under the constitution of the UK and no person or authority or a recognized body in England has the right to override or set aside the laws passed by the Parliament[5]. Another very important point stipulated by the Doctrine is that no Parliament is authorized to pass any law that future Parliaments cannot change or amend and it is only the Parliament that can change or reverse a law passed by the Parliament. In simple words, a law passed by a Parliament can only be amended or repealed by another Parliament or the same one. Here, it can be seen that the jurisdiction of the courts have been restricted by the Doctrine and they only have the power of judicial interpretation of the laws passed by the Parliament. It has also been provided that a law passed by a Parliament can be changed by a subsequent Parliament by a simple majority (the minimum requirement of a Parliament to pass a bill). Consequently, it can be seen that there is no fundamental constitutional law that the Parliament is unable to change. Thus, the courts are left with just one function that is to oversee that a law is passed in a proper manner in the Parliament before receiving Royal Assent[6]. Some important case laws in this regard Canon Selwyn (1872) [Ex-Parte] and Pickin vs. British Railways Board (1974), where a subsequent law passed by the Parliament amended the provisions of the Enrolled Bill Rule that was passed by the earlier Parliament. Some other cases where the judiciary failed to question the validity of an act passed by the Parliament are Cheyney vs. Conn (1968) and Manual vs. AG (1982)[7]. The situation changes a bit with the inclusion of the UK in the European Union (EU). With the passing of the European Communities Act in 1972, the whole scenario changes a little. According to the laws of the EU, the statutes of the EU will always prevail over national laws. In cases where there is contravention between national and EU law, the laws of the Union will override the national laws. This supremacy of the EU law was provide in the Act of 1972[8]. In the given case scenario, section 1 of the Marriages Act stipulated that only those people who have attained the age of twenty-five be vested with the right to marry. At a later stage, the new government passed the Family Law Act repealed this provision and provided that people who have attained the age of eighteen will be able to marry. This subsequent act was passed with a simple majority in the Parliament and this was not acceding to the provisions of the earlier act that stated that an 80% majority is required. Here the Doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy comes into play. According to the Doctrine, a Parliament cannot pass a law that future Parliaments cannot change[9]. This Doctrine holds immense importance in the legal system of the UK. Irrespective of the situation, the provisions of the Doctrine will always prevail over and above all the laws passed by any Parliament in the UK[10]. According to the said provision of the Doctrine, the section 3 of the Marriages Act will have no constitutional validity. This is due to the fact that a subsequent Parliament of the new government is allowed to change or amend any laws passed by the earlier Parliament in a simple manner an act is passed in the Parliament. In the words of the Doctrine, it can be said that the provisions of the Marriages Act can always be amended by a subsequent Parliament as the case scenario stipulated[11]. The amendments brought about by the Family Law Act are valid and will hold constitutionally implementable. Therefore, in light of the above discussions, it can be said that Henry and Ann will be allowed to enter into the holy sacrament of matrimony since they have attained the age of eighteen years in the year 2024. Conclusion The UK does not have an unified and codified constitution. In essence, the whole country is dependent on the laws and statutes passed by the Parliament. The Parliament in UK holds the ultimate and supreme power and this power of the Parliament has been provided to it by the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. According to the Doctrine, the Parliament has the power to make and change laws and any individual or body cannot challenge the laws passed by the Parliament in any court of law. The Parliament alone holds the power to change or amend any law passed by it or by any previous Parliament[12]. The Doctrine provides that no Parliament can pass a law that a subsequent Parliament cannot change. Therefore, in the given case, the provisions of the Marriages Act that state that the law cannot be repealed by any subsequent act cannot be held as constitutionally valid. Further its provisions stipulating that a majority of 80% of both the houses will be require to amend or repeal the act wi ll also be invalid in the light of the Doctrine as it provides power to a subsequent Parliament to change any provision of an existing law. Thus, the change brought about by the Family Law Act will be valid and applicable to everyone. Lastly, the changed provisions will allow Henry and Ann to get marries as the new law states that a person can marry if he/she attains an age of eighteen. References 'Bills Legislation' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/business/bills-and-legislation/ accessed 23 March 2016 Dicey, Albert Venn.The law of the constitution. Vol. 1. OUP Oxford, 2013. Gordon, Michael. "The UK's Fundamental Constitutional Principle: Why the UK Parliament Is Still Sovereign and Why It Still Matters."King's Law Journal26.2 (2015): 229-251. Gordon, Michael.Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK constitution: Process, politics and democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Hardt, Sascha.Parliamentary immunity: a comprehensive study of the systems of parliamentary immunity of the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands in a European context. Diss. Maastricht University, 2013. Heywood, Andrew.Essentials of UK politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 'House Of Commons' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/ accessed 23 March 2016 'House Of Lords' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/business/lords/ accessed 23 March 2016 'Making Laws' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/ accessed 23 March 2016 'Parliament Supremacy | Law Teacher' (Lawteacher.net, 2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/parliament-supremacy.php accessed 23 March 2016 'Parliamentary Sovereignty' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/ accessed 23 March 2016 'Passage Of A Bill' (UK Parliament, 2016) https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/ accessed 23 March 2016

Responsibility Accounting Essay Example

Responsibility Accounting Paper Cost centres, profit centres, investment centres and revenue centres Responsibility accounting Responsibility accounting is based on identifying individual parts of a business which are the responsibility of a single manager. A responsibility centre is an individual part of a business whose manager has personal responsibility for its performance. The main responsibility centres are: †¢ cost centre †¢ profit centre †¢ investment centre †¢ revenue centre. Cost centres A cost centre is a production or service location, function, activity or item of equipment whose costs are identified and recorded. For a paint manufacturer cost centres might be: mixing department? packaging department? administration? or selling and marketing departments. †¢ For an accountancy firm, the cost centres might be: audit? taxation? accountancy? word processing? administration? canteen. Alternatively, they might be the various geographical locations, e. g. the London office, the Cardi ff office, the Plymouth office. Revenue centre A revenue centre is a part of the organisation that earns sales revenue. It is similar to a cost centre, but only accountable for revenues, and not costs. Investment centres Managers of investment centres are responsible for investment decisions as well as decisions affecting costs and revenues. †¢ Investment centre managers are therefore accountable for the performance of capital employed as well as profits (costs and revenues). †¢ The performance of investment centres is measured in terms of the profit earned relative to the capital invested (employed). This is known as the return on capital employed (ROCE). ROCE = Profit/Capital employed. Financial accounting Financial accounting involves recording the financial transactions of an organisation and summarising them in periodic financial statements for external users who wish to analyse and interpret the financial position of the organisation. †¢ The main duties of the financial accountant include: maintaining the bookkeeping system of the nominal ledger, payables control account, receivab les control account and so on and to prepare financial statements as required by law and accounting standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Responsibility Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responsibility Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responsibility Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cost accounting Cost accounting is a system for recording data and producing information about costs for the products produced by an organisation and/or the services it provides. It is also used to establish costs for particular activities or responsibility centres. †¢ Cost accounting involves a careful evaluation of the resources used within the enterprise. Management accounting has cost accounting at its essential foundation. The main differences between management accounting and cost accounting are as follows: Cost accounting is mainly concerned with establishing the historical cost of a product/service. †¢ Management accounting is concerned with historical information but it is also forwardlooking. It is concerned with both historical and future costs of products/services. (For example, budgets and forecasts). †¢ Management accounting is also concerned with providing nonfinancial information to managers. †¢ Management accounting is essentially concerned with o ffering advice to management based upon information collected (management information). Management accounting may include involvement in planning, decision making and control. The following illustration compares management accounting with financial accounting. Management accounting Financial accounting Information mainly produced for Internal use: e. g. managers and employees External use: e. g. shareholders, creditors, lenders, banks, government. Purpose of information To aid planning, controlling and decision making To record the financial performance in a period and the financial position at the end of that period. Legal requirements None Limited companies must produce financial accounts. Formats Management decide on the information they require and the most useful way of presenting it Format and content of financial accounts intending to give a true and fair view should follow accounting standards and company law. Nature of information Financial and nonfinancial. Mostly financial. Time period Historical and forwardlooking. Mainly an historical record. chapter 1 Information mainly produced forInternal use: e. g. managers and employees External use: e. g. shareholders, creditors, lenders, banks, government. KAPLAN

Witchcraft is not for sale Essay Essays

Witchcraft is not for sale Essay Essays Witchcraft is not for sale Essay Paper Witchcraft is not for sale Essay Paper Subjects: It fundamentally deals with the struggle between traditional medical specialty ( the â€Å"witchcraft† ) which was free and comes of course. and the pharmaceutical which the physicians net income from. Who owns the cognition about medicinial workss? Should these medical specialties be free or should you hold to pay for them? It’s an overgeneralization. but witchcraft involves a batch of the usage of natural herbs and other natural things to mend. â€Å"No Witchcraft for Sale† besides deals with different races and societal categories. [ Summary of the text: â€Å"No Witchcraft for Sale† is set in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. Gideon is a indigen who works as a cook in the place of the Farquars. white farm proprietors. One twenty-four hours he saves their kid. Teddy. from a serpent bite that would hold caused sightlessness. A white scientist comes and. together with the Farquars. force per unit areas Gideon to state them what root he used. Gideon gives them a common weed that grows everyplace after taking them around for a twosome of hours. The white scientist foliages. convinced that the fables about native healing are exaggerated. The Farquars do non of all time come to understand why Gideon does this. ] At first glimpse. the grounds suggests that Gideon believes the Farquars to be fantastic and their boy Teddy to be the most of import thing in his life. We see him from the outside. we hear him. and we read about what Mrs. Farquar believes about him. Gideon has a boy whom Teddy refers to as a â€Å"black male child. † non recognizing this is Gideon’s boy. despite the Farquars’ belief that Gideon is a close member of their household. Gideon is the boy of a celebrated medical specialty adult male. but the Farquars are neer cognizant of this. The storyteller in this narrative goes into the caput of Gideon merely one clip. near the terminal of the narrative. when it is noted that the Whites. Most black thaumaturgy advocators believe that through the usage of appeals. enchantments. fetish bags incorporating potions and carnal castanetss. religious powers can be manipulated for one’s ain advantage. Therefore. people selfishly pattern all types of thaumaturgy to obtain a agencies to their ain terminals Even though friendly relationships can be forged between drastically different people. cultural differences can endanger those friendly relationships if the two civilizations conflict. and one friend decides their civilization is more ‘important’ . ‘correct’ or ‘sound’ alternatively of esteeming both. The subject in ‘No Witchcraft for Sale’ is all over the narrative: every character in the full narrative was bound to a certain civilization. Teddy. Mr. and Mrs. Farquar. their neighbours. and the scientist ( or the ‘Big Baas’ ) all follow what can merely be defined as white culture– ignorant and indifferent to other civilizations. merely interested when cognition of others can somehow profit them. In this specific instance. the sacred cognition of the African enchantress physicians would let ‘humanity to benefit’ ( for a cost. of class ) . The other. clashing civilization is. of class. the African civilization. including Gideon and the other black indigens. kids. and retainers. Gideon. intelligibly. doesn’t appreciate his family’s and his peoples’ secrets being divulged and SOLD to the full universe. even though the scientist says it’s for a good ground. The two peoples ( and civilizations ) clash about violen tly and the friendly relationship between Gideon and the Farquars is hurt. but in clip the Farquars learn to accept ( and even courteously joke about ) . if non wholly understand. Gideon’s close and obstinate behaviour. Other than the characters. the importance of esteeming civilizations or peoples’ beliefs. or merely merely ‘how things are’ is expressed by Gideon before on in the narrative when he points out that Teddy will turn up to be a ‘baas’ . and a native African will turn up to be a retainer. so unhappily concludes that â€Å"It is God’s will† . An illustration of allusion is when Teddy frightened Gideon’s boy. warranting it as amusing and acceptable because â€Å"He’s merely a black boy† . Teddy subsequently tries to repair his friendly relationship with Gideon by giving him an orange. and Gideon one time once more comments how their lives are on really different waies. which is so repeated once more at the stoping of the narrative. Analysis of No witchery for sale by Doris Lessing 1. Why did Gideon name Teddy â€Å"Little Yellow Head† ?First of all. he called him this. because Teddy’s hair is just and light. like nil he had of all time seen. He besides gives him a native name. to demo him the trueness he gives him. 2. What happened to Teddy in the beginning of this narrative? One twenty-four hours. Teddy had been out. driving on his scooter. He had gone in to the shrubs. where a serpent had spat in his eyes. about doing him blind. Without doubting. Gideon had ran out in the shrubs. and brought back a works which was used as a remedy. 3. How does the cultural struggle influence Gideon’s actions in No Witchcraft for sale? Gideon – non unlike Teddy who does it out of societal influence though – starts to distance himself from the household he one time about felt a friendly relationship with. He makes a territorial grade and lets his employers know by his actions that he has a bound to his trueness. His trueness lies with his state. 4. Why doesn’t Gideon uncover his remedy? Because his cognition of native medicin is about all his people â€Å"own† . and non yet exploited by the white people. He knows uncovering it will do his people poorer and more exploited by the white industry. And in conclusion because he feels betrayed by the household – they have a slightly friendship-like relationship and he cares really much for the child. Teddy. Themes and subjects Racism. Africa. Exploitation. Colonialism. Roots. The master/servant relationship. Prejudice. How race/environment/prejudice can act upon a individual when turning up. How make the Farquars react when the scientist tells them why he is interested in Gideon’s remedy? They at first react by experiencing really pleased and proud – as if they have participated in making something good for the community. Equally shortly as the scientist mentions the economic system facet of the find. they start to experience uncomfortable – their spiritual belief means they feel ashamed of believing in economic system footings when what has†¦ [ continues ] I’d say he was justified in his refusal to portion his cognition. The medicative works could mend some. but it besides could ache others. Therefore. Gideon should portion his ability to mend. but non the cognition. Subject: Thesis: In the short narrative. â€Å"No Witchcraft for Sale. † Doris Lessing uses subject to exemplify the laterality of the white people and the subjugation of the black people in the South African state of Southern Rhodesia. â€Å"No Witchcraft for Sale† is a smartly crafted narrative of the battle between inkinesss and Whites in the South African state of Rhodesia. In this narrative. the Farquar’s boy is about blinded from a serpent expectoration in his face. They are a white household and their boy is saved by their black cook. Gideon. through his cognition of herbal medical specialty. The cardinal subject of white domination is foremost illustrated when Teddy. the white male child. frightens and annoyers Gideon’s boy. When Gideon asks him why he acted that manner. he airily responds rebelliously. â€Å"He’s merely a black boy† ( Holt 911 ) . The boy’s daring in his tone shows his erudite high quality over anyone who is black. whether immature or old. A 2nd subject in the narrative is that the black people’s traditions and cognition of natural mending weren’t respected by the white population. Gideon saves Teddy’s seeing by rubbing the root of a works into his eyes after he. Gideon. had chewed it up. Except for in this desperate circumstance. the white people would neer hold respected a natural redress such as this. The narrative provinces. â€Å"But Mrs. Farquar was crying with panic. and she could barely thank him: It was impossible to believe that Teddy could maintain his sight† ( 912 ) . An interesting turn in the narrative comes with the debut of a 3rd subject of the thought of the black people deriving more power. After the narrative of Teddy’s restored eyesight spreads throughout the towns. a scientist comes to get the secret of the remedy. Gideon feels that his cognition is being exploited and is insulted by his newfound place of regard. He takes rather a spot of converting to ‘cooperate’ with the white people. He agrees to collaborate. but makes the group walk for hours. He seems to be basking the control he has over the others. After their wild goose pursuit. â€Å"Gideon all of a sudden decided they had had plenty ; or possibly his choler evaporated at that moment† ( 914 ) . He casually picks a smattering of bluish flowers. go forthing the people inquiring if this were the existent works or non. He neer divulges the individuality of the existent works. for that would be an abuse to his civilization. His silence is his lone power. The subjects of the narrative. â€Å"No Witchcraft for Sale† are fantastic illustrations of the battle between the black and white people of South African states. These unjust thoughts were profoundly rooted and hard to alter.

Pygmalion in Management Discussion Board Assignment

Pygmalion in Management Discussion Board - Assignment Example The employees are motivated will thus work very hard to achieve the high expectations set in order to get an increased salary. How else could salary increment motivate them? Many organizations and institution succeed mainly because of the type management system. The managers set high expectations to be achieved by the subordinates. Some of the managers set expectations based on how they believed in themselves. I disagree with the fact that managers should set unrealistic goals which wills discourage the subordinates. In order to motivate the employees to increase their productivity, there is a need to set to realistic goals. The unrealistic expectations will demoralize the employee and only work to achieve low expectations. I agree that managers should always motivate their employees whenever they set out the expectations. When the managers set higher expectations for the employees they should encourage them that they have the skills and capability of reaching the expectations. The employees should be treated equally rather than some of the employees being seen as super staff and some as low performers. In conclusion, there is a need for institutions to have well skilled and qualified managers who are able to treat subordinates in ways that lead to high performance and career satisfaction. The managers can influence the attitudes of employees towards their jobs which will affect their  productivity.

Identity Theft Through Unsecure Wireless Networks Research Paper

Identity Theft Through Unsecure Wireless Networks - Research Paper Example Unauthorized access also imposes high bills to the owner of the network where they involve lots of traffic by downloading videos and software. It is quite evident that a walk with a Wi-Fi enabled phone or laptop it’s easy to steal internet, this is just because most of the network have no security. It is also evident that most users use default passwords to access the administration area of the router thus enabling a cyber criminal to edit details with much ease and can even block the owner out of the connectivity. Malicious intruders can also get access to the network and do harm to devices to scan radio frequency bands which the Wi-Fi uses are readily available thus it easy to access their information using these devices. This can lead to even introduction of malicious software, viruses and worms thus invading computers in the network leading to great damage, this causes the user to loose vital personal identities. Although it may look good to help neighbors with free intern et, the risks involved are numerous. The criminals can also modify settings thus ensuring that the restart button no longer functions properly, thus leading to blockage. How To Secure Your Network People have come up with a few prevention on secure measures to curb this problem. Some of the methods which are widely used are; activating your router’s encryption, some of the routers are bought when their encryption is turned off and all is needed is to read the manual on how to activate your router on. Turning your SSID off, turning it off will hide your network from hackers who might try and steal your identity by using network. Disable remote administration, this helps you prevent hackers from unilateral changing your network security settings. Recruit professional if needed, if one is not a computer tech one should employ a tech guru who will be able to set up settings which will prevent unauthorized access. Use of firewall, this is where a number of integrated collection of security measures are made in order to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. Safety measures used to protect your information if a wi-fi is used. One should always be aware that they are never secure since the Wi-Fi hot spots are unsecure connections thus potential hackers will be hanging out in the same network and it won’t be difficult for them to get into your activity and retrieve your personal information thus though the hot spot has a password through a log-in screen you are still at risk. These are built-in security features contained in the windows that enable the firewall through the security settings to block all incoming traffic. This helps in keeping off all the hackers/thieves by disabling file sharing thus making an important security measure. One should protect their passwords since hackers can retrieve same passwords from the registry which makes your keyboard activity available to them that includes the password typed in, thu s installing a browser add-on that stores you password in the cloud e.g. last pass, passwords won’t be saved in your computer and you won’t have to type a thing. There are websites that use HTTP’s, they encrypt your activities thus anything you do in that site is confidential. Since not all websites do this one can download HTTP’s everywhere, they are add-ons that will force an encrypted connection on many popular sites. You should also check the network name since people

Theories of Mass Media and Its Social Impacts Essay Example for Free

Theories of Mass Media and Its Social Impacts Essay Since the invention of technologies such as the telegraph, radio and eventually television, which enabled communications â€Å"produced at a single source [to be] transmitted to an infinitely large audience† (Fearing, F. 1954), the social impacts of communications via mass media have been a subject of intense research by political and social scientists. This literature review intends to examine the major theories and perspectives on mass media with regard to its impact on society, which existed throughout the 1950’s and 70’s. Special attention will be given to the subjects of human social development, distribution of power, and human knowledge. Human social development has, without doubt, transformed since the introduction of mass media technologies. Before mass transmission capabilities were available, humans were very rarely exposed to anything other than the culture of their immediate surroundings. A widely supported view held, as to how communities learn a culture, is through a process of symbolic interaction (Blumer, H. 1969) where humans learn via the sharing of symbols. Fearing (1954) refers to this process as the sharing of â€Å"daydreams†, which are the literary or dramatic manifestations of a community’s symbols and culture. Every ‘daydream’ contains the symbols of the culture that produced it, whether it be a play or story. By passing on and sharing these ‘daydreams’, a community are able to share in the same culture, as they create familiar frameworks with which to reference their social lives. As Gerbner (1967) points out, before mass media, human interaction was almost entirely interpersonal, in relative isolation, meaning human experience and knowledge was limited to their immediate community environment, with information being passed down from person to person. The influence of the mass media begins to become apparent as Fearing (1952) points out the fact that humans, thanks to mass media, were for the first time able to broaden their sources of symbolic interaction, learning the values and symbols of a culture outside of their own localised  sphere of experience. Gerbner later echoed this sentiment when stating that since the industrial revolution, an â€Å"almost simultaneous introduction of information, ideas, images and products† on a global level has taken place. He goes on to claim that this point signalled the turning point with regard to how people became â€Å"humanised†. No longer was acculturation limited geographically. Quite quickly, due to the wide transmission of symbols, beliefs and attitudes, it became possible for regional and even national populations to share the same mental frameworks for perceiving the world around them. A feat that would have been impossible without the means of mass, simultaneous comm unication, made feasible by the mass media. Another contested subject with regards to the potential power of mass media was that that its capabilities place â€Å"a powerful instrument in the hands of a small number of persons† (Fearing, 1954). The ability now existed for a small influential group to communicate their message to a vast number of receivers. With this came the ability to set public agenda, influence social policy and affect the thoughts and behaviours of receivers (Gerbner 1967). There are many incidences for example where radio broadcasts have had a huge influence on the behaviour of its listeners, as documented extensively by Fearing (1954), who incidentally goes on to play down these successes as isolated events in which many variables came together with unintentional effectiveness. Unsurprisingly, governments developed great interest in the potential of the mass media and political scientists were responsible for many advances in the field. The propaganda campaigns propagated during the First, and especially Second World War, are undeniable examples of mass media’s potential for control over a population. However, the idea that media had a one way ‘hypodermic needle’ effect on receivers was beginning to fall from popular view, with a two way communication process being adopted instead. This two way process took into account that an audience doesn’t necessarily simply absorb the information around them, but perceive and interpret it, ultimately selecting whether it’s information they want to absorb. In contrast to the increased power of government, insights provided by Gerbner (1967) document the increased power of ordinary citizens to effectively take part in democracy, by offering and promoting alternatives to policies. The ability to publish and distribute private knowledge he says  transforms the private perspectives of few into broad public perspectives – thus creating a public, which in itself is a form of potential power if communication is maintained. We can conclude from this that mass media has enabled those who would not normally be able to do so, to voice their opinions and perspectives with a broader audience. Those who wield these mass communication capabilities certainly have far more potential power than before. With increased broadcasting of information, the manner and rate at which humans learn has also been irreversibly influenced. The relatively vast amounts of knowledge available via print and broadcast media during this time meant people were exposed to a greater amount of information. People were no longer restricted to the information and experiences of their own communities, but had access to foreign experiences and knowledge on a national and international level. In a general sense this has arguably meant that people, as a result, have become relatively more intelligent. As with most opportunities however, some people are able to take more advantage of them than others, whether it be because they are better equipped or more motivated to do so. P. J. Tichenor, G.A. Donohue and C.N. Olien’s (1970) research documented what they referred to as a â€Å"widening knowledge gap†, especially with regards to more â€Å"general appeal† knowledge areas such as public affai rs and science. Those of a higher socioeconomic status acquire information faster than lower class segments, leading to ever increasing gaps between progressive and â€Å"stagnant† groups (Tichenor, P.J, et al. 1970). Robinson (as cited in Tichenor, P.J. et al 1970) contends that those less informed will â€Å"remain so unless acted upon by an outside force, while those already informed stay in motion†. This leads to the conclusion that while the proliferation of information increases, the knowledge gap can and will only increase, unless measures are taken to effectively inform those of lower socioeconomic classes. A solution to this knowledge gap is offered by Tichenor et al. (1970) when they profess that a â€Å"knowledge gap implies a communication gap.† With the introduction of more easily accessible outlets of information this knowledge gap could potentially be decreased, despite the ever-increasing amounts of information available. Their article ends on an optimistic note as to the role television could play in the future, a  medium much easily accessible to lower socioeconomic classes. Reference List Blumer, Herbert (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fearing F. (1954). Social impact of the mass media of communications, in, N.B. Henry (Ed.) Mass media and education: The fifty-third yearbook of the national society for the study of education part II, Chicago, University of Chicago. Gerbner, G. (1967). Mass media and human communication theory, in, F.E. X. Dance (Ed.) Human communication theory: Original essays, (pp.40-60.) New York, Holt, Rinehart, Winston. Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159-170.

Essay on Themes of House on Mango Street, and The Bluest Eye

Disturbing Themes of House on Mango Street, and The Bluest Eye  Ã‚   Sandra Cisneros was born in Chicago and grew up in Illinois, the only girl in a family of seven. Cisneros is noted for her collection of poems and books that concentrate on the Chicana experience in the United States. In her writing, Cisneros explores and transcends borders of location, ethnicity, gender and language. Cisneros writes in lyrical yet deceptively simple language, she makes the invisible visible by centering on the lives of Chicanas, their relationships with their families, their religion, their art, and their politics. Toni Morrison, born as Chloe Anthony Wofford in Ohio in 1931 changed her name because it was hard for people to pronounce it. She was the second of four children, and both of her parents migrated from the South. Morrison is best noted for her novels, short fiction, being a lecturer, teacher and public servant. She writes using deft language and her lyrical writing, exploring the African-American middle classes and folk culture. Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street, written in 1984, and Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, first published in 1970, are both aimed at adolescent audiences but deal with deep, often disturbing themes about serious social conditions and their effects on children. Both books are told in the first person; both narrators are young girls, living in destitute neighborhoods, who witness the harsh realities of life for those who are poor, abused, and hopeless, although the narrators themselves manage to survive their tough environments with their wits and strength intact. The books are more than simple literary exercises written merely to amuse or delight their audiences. Both authors attempt to provok... ...s 91). Of the two books, Morrison’s is by far the more effective for both adolescent and adult audiences. Its characters and settings are fully, painstakingly drawn, it has a powerful thought-provoking theme, and it has a clear plot which can inspire its audience to laugh or cry. A reader can get deep into the minds and actions of the characters as well as the environment they live in in The Bluest Eye and find a series of newspaper articles, sometimes vaguely touching or thought-provoking, capable, perhaps, of inspiring discussions about some of the issues it touches on, but essentially too minimal and impersonal to inspire any deep emotional reaction in it readers. Works Cited: Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. 1stVintage Contemporaries ed.New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1993.

Attila the Hun †Short Story Essay

Why were the military campaigns of Attila the Hun successful? Attila’s military success will be explained through his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext whenever the Romans were vulnerable. His motives behind each war was to abstract as much money from the Romans as possible. Also to be explored will be his ability to assert psychological domination over the Eastern Emperor at a time when the two Empires were at peace. Furthermore to be examined will be his ability to portray himself as diplomatic through treaties and embassy consultations between the Romans and the Huns. Also to be looked at will be how successful was Attila’s at creating and seizing opportunities This will be done by looking at Attila’s campaigns in the east and west Roman Empires. After the death of their Uncle Rua 435/6, Attila and his brother Bleda took control of the Hunnic Empire. The two brothers decided to renegotiate the relationship that existed between their Uncle Rua an d the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The Treaty set up by Rua, stipulated that, the Romans paid him an annual subsidy of 350 lbs of gold. He also demanded fugitives who had fled to the Romans and threatened war if they were not returned. The negotiations took place near the city of Margus in 438. According to Priscus the meeting took place according to both parties’ customs. The Huns would hear what the Romans had to say while mounted on horseback while the Romans discussed the meeting on foot. The Huns dictated the new terms of the treaty, referred to as the Peace of Margus. The Huns decided the annual subsidy was to be raised to the sum of 700lbs. The treaty also fixed that for every Roman captive who had escaped from the barbarians, the Romans must pay eight pieces of gold. The treaty also predetermined that all fugitives must be returned to the Huns. Furthermore the emperor Theodosius was to relinquish any ongoing treaties with enemies of the Huns. Moreover the Huns were to conduct the way the free markets on the northern side of the Danube were controlled. Attila used the markets as a pretext to wage war on the east. The free markets were attacked by Hunnic traders in 441/2 killing Roman merchants during the raid. Theodosius complained that the Huns had violated the â€Å"Peace of Margus†. The Huns reported to the Romans that the Bishop of Margus had crossed over to their territory and robbed their royal tombs. They complained that the Romans had not honoured the Peace of Margus by refusing to return fugitives to them. Additionally, they demanded the Bishop be handed over as well. The significance of these allegations was central to the Huns plan for an attack during the campaigning season. The Romans refused both claims and war was declared. Having successfully provoked the Eastern Romans into a war had been a strategic move by the Hunnic leader. Attila knew the eastern Roman field forces were based in Sicily on a joint expedition with the Western Empire to recapture Carthage from the Vandals led by king Geseric. The North African campaign was partially why Theodosius readily agreed to the treaty of Margus. He thought it would give the east breathing space. Moreover Carthage was crucial to the Western Empire as it provided Rome with grain. Knowing that the east was vulnerable, the Huns would cause carnage throughout the Balkans. Margus was a key city that opened up the Balkans for the Hunnic invasion of the east. The Bishop of Margus defected to the Huns. In return for clemency he handed over the Episcopal city. The Huns swept through the Balkans raising cities to the ground. The key fortified city of Naissus was besieged and taken. Priscus gives an account of the siege. He states â€Å"†¦a large number of [Hunnic siege] engines had been brought up to the wall†¦the so called rams were brought up also†¦A beam is suspended by slack chains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, Professor E.A Thompson disputes that the siege occurred and that Priscus borrows heavily on Thucydides’ account of the Battle at Plataea. Professor Thompson states four reasons to argue his point, among them the Huns inept ability to construct such machines and also it is unlikely that the Hunnic archers, who rarely dismounted, would on this occasion have left their horses for a totally alien form of warfare. On the other hand, they may have been quite capable of such construction for it is well documented they had enslaved many tradesmen. As for example in the bath which was made for the Hunnic noble Onegesius by a craftsman who was captured at Sirmium. Nevertheless the Huns ransacked and pillaged the Balkans taking fortified cities along the way such as Viminacium, Illy ricum and defeated the Roman army at Chersonese. According to Brian Croke, In 441 the Huns invaded Illyricum only and in 442 broke into northern Thrace . The Romans sued for peace and the Treaty of Anatolius was agreed. Attila terms demanded that the annual tribute be tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold. He also compelled the Romans to surrender all Hun deserters and to ransom their own deserters at a rate of twelve solidi each. The treaty, however, contained one provision that had no precedent. Attila forced the Romans to make an immediate payment of 6,000 pounds of gold. Attila’s plan to force a war to bring about higher subsidies had worked. He would devastate the Balkans for a second time in 447 when he came looking for subsidies that were in arrears. When Atillas second campaign of the Balkans began in 447 he was sole leader of the Huns after having his brother Bleda killed in 445/6. A year later an embassy was sent by Attila to the Imperial court to address the issue of arrears and fugitives. The Romans were now feeling in a stronger position. They had introduced a new law in 443 which insured Military readiness for the Eastern Field forces. They had been strengthened by a recruitment of a large number of Isaurians – traditionally bandits- from the highlands of Cilicia in south-west Asia Minor. Moreover the Eastern army had been forced to return from Sicily after Attila’s first campaign. Attila turned as far south to Thermopylae and then west, ransacking Marcianople, Arcadiopolis, and Callipolis. An earthquake at Constantinople had occurred, Attila decided to turn back. The Imperial City was heavily fortified with triple walls that had been repaired hastily after the earthquake. The legislated Military Readiness law was of little use to the Romans as Attila wreaked havoc on an unprecedented scale. The results were the same as the first campaign, the Romans sued for peace and the second treaty of Anatolius was agreed. More subsides was agreed and a large track of land to act as a buffer zone between the Huns and the Romans was approved. Attila had succeeded at luring the Eastern Empire into war on a pretext to extort more subsidies. He was also adept at asserting his psychological domination, by humiliating the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Constantinople. Theodosius was humiliated in 449 when his Eunuch Chrysaphius hatched a plot to assassinate Attila. The Plot was unbeknown to the Roman ambassador Maximinus, and his escort Priscus. They were sent to Attila’s camp to discuss issues in the treaty such as the ongoing fugitives case and the issue of the land used as a buffer zone. To give a picture of the devastation Attila caused in the Balkans. Prisucus relates how when travelling to Attila’s court in 449 they stopped at Naissus to pitch tent, he states how the pl ace was littered with bones from Attila’s first campaign. Attila’s refusal to meet the missionaries irritated Maximinus and Priscus. He ordered them to leave then ordered them to stay. Maximinus and Priscus were at a loss to Attila’s behaviour. Maximinus was frustrated and urged Priscus to arrange a meeting with Attila. Priscus succeeded by offering gifts to Onegesius’ brother Scottas to secure them a meeting with Attila. The two missionaries were shocked when it was revealed to them by Attila’s men the purpose of their mission. After nothing left to stay for they departed home despaired. They met their interpreter Bigilas travelling back to Attila’s court whom he had dismissed earlier. When they had initially left Constantinople, Chrysaphius had persuaded Edeco to kill Attila. Edeco had arrived in Constantinople the previous spring as a Hunnic ambassador and was now returning to Attila’s camp along with Maximinus and Priscus. Edeco a faithful and trustful servant to Attila had revealed the details at once. When Bigilas arrived he was immediately set upon by Attila’s men a nd a bag with 50lbs of gold was found in his possession. It was the reward money to Edeco if he had succeeded in killing Attila. Bigilas’ son was threatened with death if he did not come back with another 50lbs of gold. Attila sent his Roman secretary Orestes as a Hunnic ambassador to Constantinople with the empty bag around his neck. His instructions were to ask Theodosius if he recognised the bag. Priscus gives a clear account of the humiliation when he states â€Å"Eslas was to say directly that Theodosius was the son of a nobly born father, and Attila too was off noble descent†¦whereas Attila had preserved his noble linage, Theodosius had fallen from his and was Attila’s slave bound to the payment of tribute†. Attila had succeeded at psychologically humiliating Theodosius. Furthermore, as the interpreter returned with the 50lb of gold to free his son, Attila had gained more subsidies in the form of 100lbs gold even though the two sides were at peace. Priscus observed an interesting point at Attila’s cou rt. He noticed Attila was asking western ambassadors to hand over a silver plate dealer who resided in Rome, named Silvanus. Attila claimed Silvanus had stolen gold vessels from him. Silvanus maintained he had bought the vessels from Attila’s secretary Constantius. Attila had Constantius crucified and called for the surrender of the Silvanus. The Roman General Aetius refused Attila’s demand. Aetius declared that Silvanus was Constantius’ creditor, despite the fact that he did offer to pay for the price of the vessels he would not hand over the innocent Silvanus. Attila had got his pretext to wage war in the west. Moreover in c.450 a Frankish succession crisis brought about a situation where one claimant appealed to the Huns and the other to the Vatican. In 451 Attila left the Hungarian plains and turned westwards to Gaul. The Hunnic invasion of Gaul was accompanied by allies such as the Rugian, Gepid, Burgundian, Scirian, Thuringian and Franks. They initially swept away defenceless cities such as Metz and Constantine’s’ old Imperial city at Trier. At the city of Orleans they met heavy resistance from the Alans who were in the service of the Romans. Aetius and Theodoric along with several other mercenary tribes manage to lure Attila away from Orleans. The following month was the Battle of Chalons on the Catalaunian fields. The battle of Catulaunian Fields is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the western world. Attila’s army was defeated by Aetius who represented the incapable Western Emperor Valentinian. Both sides suffered heavy losses, the Gothic king Theodoric had been killed in the battle. Aetius advised Theodoric’s’ son Thorismud to return home to defend his claim to the throne, as a result disabling Aetius’ pursuit of the battle against the Hunnic alliance. Attila retreated back to the Hungarian plains to plan his next move. Within a year the Huns were on the move again. The Western Emperor Valentinian’ sister Honoria had been caught having an affair and was bethrothed to another man named Herculanus. She sent her eunuch Hyacinthus to Attila before he entered Gaul offering herself as his wife and half the western Empire as her dowry. She had sent her ring as proof of her commitment. Attila waged war on Italy in 452 on the pretext he was entitled to half the Western Empire. Attila pillaged the wealthiest cities in northern Italy most notably Aquileia and Milan. When he was marching towards Rome papal legend claims Pope Leo persuaded him to abandon his plan and not to attack Rome. More practical issues would be his incompetence in preparing a supply line of food for his huge army. It could also be said the army was suffering from breakouts of various diseases. Furthermore an Eastern Roman General also named Aetius had invaded Attila’s kingdom. Nonetheless, Attila decided to return home to his vast Empire north of the Danube where he died the following year on his wedding night. The Huns had been inadvertently responsible for creating the instability the Western Empire now faced. Attila’s predecessors had forced, Germanic, Alans, Suevi and other tribes into the Empire for sanctuary. In 376 the Romans were beseeched by Goths north of the Danube to be admitted into the Empire who had been retreating under Hunnic Pressure. They had been driven from their lands by the Huns and were now crossing the Danube to reach the Empire. When the Goths were admitted into the Empire during the late fourth century, the authorities gave them food and land to cultivate. The Eastern Emperor Valens viewed them as foedearti and more taxes; this would benefit the army and treasury alike. Moreover the rich landowners would benefit from their labourer. Too many refugees came across for the Romans to count, but it may possibly have been in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many were dispersed to whether they were needed to stop them becoming a threat to the Empire. The displacement of the Goths by the Huns and acceptance by Emperor Valens is often viewed as the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. The invitation quickly turned to attempted invasion when the Romans in the east suffered their worst defeat in 600 years at the battle of Adrianople in 378. The Goths led by king Fritergen killed the emperor Valens; not until the ninth century would another emperor die in battle. They slaughtered two thirds of the Eastern Roman army. It was a self inflicted wound, near crippling the east. If the Goths had been treated better in the east, they may have helped the Romans face the Hunnic hordes already closing in from the Steppes. Furthermore slightly more than three decades later the Visigoths led by Alaric would sack Rome in 410. These two conquests in the east and west is evident the once mighty Roman Empires glory days were almost at an end. By the time the Huns had turned west from the Hungarian plains into Gaul, the west was already a weakened Empire through lose of land, taxes and military power. By the time of Attila’s arrival the Western Empire was dominated by barbarian tribes. Germanic forces had fought and weakened the empire in northern Gaul. Consequently it seems to have become a patchwork of territories ruled by unrecognised chiefs, leaders whose authority was based upon Roman titles, and barbarian warlords. The tribes were dominant enough to conduct their own foreign policy and more importantly, alliances, without Roman approval. For example Theodoric married his one of his daughters to the heir of the Vandal throne and another to the Suevic king. In Gaul 406, 408, and 411, the Romans had fought among themselves and suffered heavy losses. Supported by the Huns in 425 they suffered further losses at the hands of the Vandals. In 439 Aetius was fighting the Goths in Gaul in and restoring order against local rebels named by Romans as Bagaudae at Aremorica. Geseric took advantage and took Carthage by surprise. Due to the manpower crisis the Empire could not afford to fight on two fronts. To protect Carthage, Aetius had to make peace with the Gothic king Theodoric to free himself in order to fight the Vandals. Aetius had increasingly become heavily depended upon recruiting barbarian allies outside the Empire.. Attila made unsuccessful attempts to extract wealth from the west. Attila’s campaigns can be measured as successful through his tactics, his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext. He tended to act diplomatic by negotiating treaties then he would dishonour his own treaty and blame the Romans, Attila repeatedly used the issue â€Å"fugitives† as a case to wage war. Attila’s success can be measured on his achievements through the raising of subsides with each treaty. Attila achieved what he had set out to do from the start and that was to get as much money from the Romans as possible. Attila never wanted to conquer Constantinople or Rome. He wanted to extract as much subsides as he could. The Eastern Empire collected taxes from Egypt to Asia Minor and the Huns had no navy to uphold this lucrative adventure. It was easier for them to collect of the Romans. His successful campaigns were planned strategically. His campaigns can be measured by breaking up an important joint East-West enterprise to save Carthage. This is also the case in the west. He knew it was in a factional position and politically unstable. It was an opportunity Attila Seized upon. Attila campaigns were thought out in advance and sometimes long before the enemy realised. Attila could also be tactful; evident to this was shown hen Attila humiliated Theodosius. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443. in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XCV11, No. 2 (1976), p.178 [ 2 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 [ 3 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire: A new history of Rome and the barbarians (USA, 2006), p.301 [ 4 ]. E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire – Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3917-3922). . Kindle Edition. [ 5 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.301 [ 6 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 [ 7 ]. E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire – Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3998-4001). . Kindle Edition. [ 8 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443, p.178 [ 9 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 10 ]. R. Blockley, â€Å"Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea†. in Phoenix, Vol. XXV1, No. 1 (1972), p.25 [ 11 ]. R. Blockley, â€Å"Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea†, p.25 [ 12 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 [ 13 ]. B.Croke, The Context and Date of Priscus Fragment 6. Classical Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 297-308 [ 14 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 [ 15 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 16 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 17 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 18 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 19 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 [ 20 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 21 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (UK, 2007), p.250 [ 22 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 [ 23 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.253 [ 24 ]. E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, p.16 [ 25 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 [ 26 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 [ 27 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568, p.254 [ 28 ]. P. Heather. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435 (Feb., 1995), p.11 [ 29 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided 400-700 (UK, 2001), p12 [ 30 ]. E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians: The decline of the Western Empire (USA, 1982), p.16 [ 31 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.12 [ 32 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.62 [ 33 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.243 [ 34 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.247 [ 35 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.245 [ 36 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.254 [ 37 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.53

Democracy, India, And South Africa - 875 Words

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